On November 2, 2016 the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released the 2017 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS) Final Rule. Although the impact of the Final Rule on nephrology reimbursement is projected to be 0%, dialysis vascular access services typically provided by interventional nephrologists will experience a dramatic overall reduction in reimbursement due to CMS policy requiring services that are billed together more than 75% of the time to be bundled. As a result of this policy, the following new interventional CPT code bundles were developed resulting in reimbursement reductions for a variety of interventional services...