In a landmark decision, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), ruling that:

- The individual mandate was a valid exercise of Congress’ taxing power under the Constitution although the mandate exceeded Congress’ authority under the Commerce Clause.

- The expansion of Medicaid under PPACA is constitutional but Congress cannot coerce states into accepting that expansion by taking away federal funding for existing Medicaid programs if a state declines to expand its Medicaid coverage.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. __ (2012), 2012 WL 2427810.

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