With federal and state legislation constantly evolving, and New York Governor Andrew Cuomo’s office issuing multiple executive orders, New York employers are struggling to understand their coronavirus (COVID-19) paid leave obligations. The key provisions of the state’s new Quarantine Leave Law, which went into effect immediately upon signing on March 18, are discussed below.

The State of New York has  published limited guidance and regulations from the Commissioner of Labor are expected.

Employer Coverage, Eligibility, Qualifying Reasons

All employers, including public employers, have obligations under the Quarantine Leave Law. Public employers include the state, cities, counties, towns, village school districts, and any other public benefit corporation, agency, or instrumentality of governmental power under the laws of the state.

All employees potentially are eligible for leave under the New York State Quarantine Leave Law. Leave rights are triggered if employees are unable to work due to “a mandatory or precautionary order of quarantine or isolation due to COVID-19” when that order is issued by the State of New York, New York Department of Health, Local Board of Health, or any governmental entity duly authorized to issue a mandatory or precautionary order due to COVID-19.

The nature and duration of leave varies based on the size, type and, in some cases, net income of employers.

When Benefits are Not Available

The Quarantine Leave Law does not provide benefits to asymptomatic employees who are subject to quarantine or isolation orders but are able to work remotely.

The law also excludes employees who elect to self-isolate absent a mandatory or precautionary order from the government. Employees subjected to quarantine or isolation orders due to certain foreign travel (i.e., travel to a country with Centers for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) level two or three travel warnings) are denied if the travel was unrelated to employment and employees were notified of both the travel health warnings and the Quarantine Leave Law’s exclusions before such travel.

Employees are not entitled to benefits if businesses initiate closings on their own due to COVID-19 reasons. In those circumstances, employees may apply for unemployment insurance benefits, where the seven-day waiting period has been waived. Somewhat less clear are situations where employers must close or curtail business operations to comply with COVID-19-related orders. While some might view those orders as imposing a mandatory or precautionary quarantine of sorts, pending additional regulatory guidance, it appears employees unable to work remotely in such situations are denied benefits under this law and, instead, are left to apply for unemployment insurance benefits.

Prohibitions Against Discrimination

Employees who take leave under the new law will be protected against discrimination, discipline, retaliation, discharge, or penalty for having taken leave under the law.

Employees returning from leave are entitled to job restoration at the same pay and terms of conditions of employment.

However, the law does not prohibit employers from making employment decisions or taking actions they otherwise would take regardless of the request or exercise of Quarantine Leave by employees. In other words, like most leave laws, the new law does not provide employees any greater benefits or rights than they would have had if they had been actively working. This may be particularly important for employers who may need to reduce the size of their workforce, through terminations or furloughs, due to COVID-19 reasons.

Monetary Benefits

The amount of benefits available to qualifying employees varies by the size and, in some instances, the net income of the employer.

Leave Entitlements by Employer Size

Entitlements to leave depend on the size of the employer (also see  our chart):

• Employers with 100+ employees;
• Public employers 

Must provide at least 14 paid sick days during the applicable quarantine leave period. The law does not require unpaid sick days thereafter, likely because quarantines are presumed to end after 14 days.

• Employers with 11 to 99 employees;
• Employers with 10 or fewer employees (with 2019 net income $1,000,000+) 

Must provide at least 5 paid sick days during the applicable quarantine leave period, and then unpaid sick days until termination of order.

• Employers with 10 or fewer employees (with 2019 net income under $1,000,000)  

Must provide unpaid sick days during the applicable quarantine leave period until termination of order.

Expanded Short-Term Disability, Paid Family Leave Benefits During Certain Unpaid Quarantine Leave Periods

If employees are not entitled to or exhaust paid Quarantine Leave, and they remain on unpaid leave, the law expands rights to benefits for many employees under New York’s statutory disability and paid family leave (NYPFL) laws. These expansions appear to apply only to employees who work for employers with fewer than 100 employees. The expansions also appear to be temporary, to fulfill the purposes of the Quarantine Leave Law, and do not permanently expand rights to New York disability and paid family leave.

If the law permits employees to apply for expanded NYPFL benefits, they must establish leave was needed because they:

Are subject to a mandatory or precautionary order of quarantine or isolation; or

Need to provide care for a minor or dependent child of an employee who is subject to a mandatory or precautionary order of quarantine or isolation.

Short-Term Disability (STD) benefits will be available to employees unable to work due to a mandatory or precautionary order of quarantine or isolation.

Through these expansions, employees may be eligible for NYPFL benefits concurrently with Short-Term Disability benefits; typically, employees cannot receive both benefits at the same time. The seven-day waiting period for disability benefits also is eliminated for this special benefit expansion. Employees may prove disability by producing a mandatory or precautionary order of quarantine or isolation.

The potential combined STD/PFL benefit is significant. Eligible employees collecting both Short-Term Disability Benefits and Paid Family Leave Benefits may be entitled to as much as $2,884.62 per week (approximately $150,000 annually). The NYPFL cap is $840.70 per week while disability benefits are capped $2,043.92 per week.

Coordinating Leave under New Law and Federal Families First Coronavirus Response Act

In enacting the Quarantine Leave Law, the legislature anticipated passage of potentially overlapping leave benefits under the federal Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) or other potential federal legislation. Consequently, the Quarantine Leave Law reduces benefits by the amounts received for overlapping leave reasons under federal law.

As employers with more than 500 employees are not covered under the FFCRA, individuals employed by those large employers should be entitled to full benefits under the Quarantine Leave Law.

In effect, employees of public employers or employers with more than 100 employees, but fewer than 500 employees, will be entitled to the 80 hours (10 days) of paid sick time available under the FFCRA, and, if an applicable quarantine or isolation order still prevents an employee from working, the employee will then be entitled to at least four additional days of paid sick time under the Quarantine Leave Law, for a potential combined total of 14 paid sick days. The paid leave entitlements of the FFCRA and Quarantine Leave Law will run concurrently.

Relationship to Company Paid Time Off, Sick Leave

The availability and use of Quarantine Leave cannot result in the loss of any other accrued sick leave under existing policies. Consequently, any accrued but unused paid time off (PTO) should be available to employees once benefits under the Quarantine Leave Law have been exhausted.