It is standard practice today for real property purchasers to conduct an Environmental Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (“Phase I ESA”) or otherwise satisfy the All Appropriate Inquiries (“AAI”) requirement “in accordance with generally accepted good commercial and customary standards and practices” prior to completing a property transaction. Fulfilling the AAI requirement helps real property purchasers to qualify for certain defenses to liability for cleanup costs under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) as a contiguous, bona fide prospective purchaser or innocent landowner.

The American Society for Testing and Materials, (“ASTM”) Committee on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action establishes the environmental professional industry standard governing the practice and process for conducting Phase I ESAs. This standard is then approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“U.S. EPA”) as compliant with the AAI standard. Although completing a Phase I ESA isn’t the only way to meet the AAI, it is the most straightforward and it is specifically endorsed by the U.S. EPA.

Even though conducting a Phase I ESA is now routine, it should not be taken lightly. Working with a qualified environmental professional is crucial to compliance with the ASTM standards and the AAI. If your Phase I ESA is non-compliant, a purchaser’s liability defense(s) are jeopardized.

This post discusses two important aspects of the ASTM standard and the AAI. First, this post helps remind real property purchasers why conducting the AAI and Phase I ESA prior to purchase is so important by discussing several cases in 2021 where a non-compliant Phase I ESA put a purchaser’s status in jeopardy. Second, the ASTM released a revised standard late last year that has been adopted by U.S. EPA and has been published for public comment. This post recaps the significant changes in the revised standards and reminds real property purchasers that the compliance landscape has changed.

Courts are Requiring Strict Compliance with AAI Standards

The importance of complying with the AAI is best seen in some recent cases. The first case of noteis Von Duprin LLC v. Major Holdings LLC, 12 F.4th 751 (2021). Among several other CERCLA-related issues, one issue in the case was the status of Von Duprin LLC’s bona fide prospective purchaser (“BFPP”) defense. Von Duprin LLC conducted Phase I ESAs for four properties that later required varying degrees of remediation. Von Duprin LLC claimed that the company was exempt from CERCLA liability and brought claims against current and former owners and operators of the properties. The District Court looked to the process and procedure outlined in the ASTM International Standard for conducting Phase I ESAs (at that time the standard was ASTM E1527-05) to determine that Von Duprin LLC had not satisfied the AAI at two of the properties.

At the first property, the ASTM requires certain attestations about the environmental qualifications of the environmental professionals conducting the Phase I ESA on behalf of the prospective purchaser to be included in the report. Because these attestations were not included in the Phase I ESA, Von Duprin LLC was not entitled to the defense. At the second property, Von Duprin LLC leased the property for a few years before purchasing. Von Duprin LLC didn’t conduct the Phase I ESA until the purchase. The district court held that because Von Duprin LLC didn’t satisfy the AAI when it became an operator at the site, Von Duprin LLC was not entitled to the defense. In other words, the Phase I ESA, which was conducted many years later, was not completed within 180 days of the lease commencement, as required in the ASTM. The US Appeals Court of the Seventh Circuit agreed with the District Court on both issues. This decision demonstrates that strict compliance with AAI standards in U.S. EPA’s regulations is required to succeed in establishing the BFPP defense.

The second case is In TC Rich, LLC v. Shaikh, 2021 WL 1254359 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 22, 2021). In this case, the District Court found that the property owner, TC Rich, had reasonably relied on an environmental site assessment, despite the environmental professional’s failure to review land records to identify prior uses of hazardous substances. Because TC Rich reasonably relied on the findings, the owner had conducted the required AAI, which was sufficient to defeat summary judgment on liability based on the innocent landowner defense.

The third case is United States v. Godley, 2021 WL 5242855 (W.D.N.C. Nov. 10, 2021). The Town of Pineville asserted the innocent landowner defense to CERCLA liability. The court rejected the argument because the Town of Pineville knew about the hazardous substances on the site at the time of purchase. According to the District Court, the innocent landowner defense only applies to those landowners who “did not know and had no reason to know of the presence of hazardous substances when it acquired a facility.” There is no mention in the opinion as to whether the Town of Pineville attempted to satisfy the AAI though a Phase I ESA or otherwise. Had it satisfied the AAI, maybe the Town could have asserted a BFPP defense.

ASTM Released a Revised Standard that has Been Approved by U.S. EPA

By now you have probably read that a new revision of the environmental professional industry standard governing the practice and process for conducting Phase I ESAs has been approved by the ASTM Committee on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action. The revised standard, ASTM E1527-21, replaces ASTM E1527-13. Overall, the updates in the revised standard help clarify important aspects of the process and should create more consistency in the practice of environmental professionals and the results of the Phase I ESA.

On March 14, 2022, U.S. EPA adopted the revised standard as compliant with the AAI requirement and published a direct final rule as well as a proposed rule in the Federal Register. According to the direct final rule, “EPA is publishing this direct final rule without prior proposal because the Agency views this as a noncontroversial action and anticipates no adverse comment given that this action will provide flexibility for grant recipients and other entities that may benefit from the use of the ASTM E1527-21 standard.” The direct final rule will become effective 60 days after publication without further notice (the effective date is May 13, 2022), unless the U.S. EPA receives adverse comments. If adverse comments are received (comments are due by April 13, 2022), the direct final rule would be withdrawn and the proposed rule would be revised to address those comments and eventually finalized.

Below is a quick recap of the changes in the revised standard:

• Updated Definitions: The revised standard includes updated and revised definitions of the key terms Recognized Environmental Condition (“REC”), Controlled REC (“CREC”), and Historical REC (“HREC”). The revised standard will also contain an appendix that will include REC examples and clarifications with regard to each definition. The updates, however, are meant to provide clarification between the classifications and do not substantively change the definitions from the previous standard.
• Clarification on Dates: The revised standard requires that the specific dates for when certain required tasks were completed be listed in the report so that the report user can determine if the Phase I ESA requires updating to remain valid. The Phase I ESA’s shelf life is 180 days from the earliest of required tasks, but can be extended to one year if those tasks are updated, such as the review of governmental agency records, interviews, site reconnaissance, declaration by the environmental professional, and the search for environmental liens and activity use limitations (“AULs”). Without reference to the specific dates, the report could be unclear as to when required tasks were completed and if the report needed updating. The revised standard also clarifies that that the 180-day or one-year clock begins to run as soon as the first of these tasks is completed.
• Prior Use of the Subject Property: Unlike in the previous standard, the revised standard lists four standard historical resources that must be reviewed, at a minimum, to determine the subject property’s prior uses. These include (1) aerial photographs, (2) fire insurance maps, (3) local street directories, and (4) historical topographic maps. The environmental professional must also explain why any of these sources cannot be reviewed. The environmental professional must also research these historical resources for any adjoining properties.
• Environmental Liens and AULs: The revised standard discusses and further clarifies that the report user is responsible for searching for environmental liens and AULs that affect the subject property in land and title records going back to 1980. The previous standard did not include a timeframe.
• Inclusion of Emerging Contaminants: The revised standard lists per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) and other emerging contaminants as a “non-scope” consideration in the Phase I ESA. Non-scope considerations, such as lead and asbestos, may identify an environmental risk, but these considerations are not required under the AAI. However, the revised standard includes a footnote that a party may consider emerging contaminants in their due diligence if states define them as “hazardous substances” and users want to obtain state liability defenses
• Use of Term Subject Property: To avoid confusion and promote consistency, the revised standard encourages use only of the term “subject property” in the Phase I ESA as opposed to “property” or “site.”
• Significant Data Gap: The standard always included a definition of a “data gap,” but to assist environmental professionals in determining if a data gap is significant enough to alter the findings of the Phase I ESA, the revised standard now includes a definition of a "significant data gap.”
• Subject Property Photographs: The revised standard makes it clear that photographs and a map showing the boundaries of the subject property should be included in the Phase I ESA.

Until the direct rule becomes effective on May 13, 2022 or the proposed rule is otherwise revised and finalized, real property purchasers and environmental professionals have several options: (1) continue using and citing the previous standard; (2) use and cite the revised standard; or (3) a hybrid approach – adapt the review to the revised standard and use and cite to both standards.

Conclusion

Real property purchasers should understand that the AAI landscape is changing. With the adoption of the revised ASTM E1527-21 standard, it is imperative to work with qualified environmental professionals and to consult with counsel. The risk of losing certain liability protections from CERCLA liability is just too great.

Opinions and conclusions in this post are solely those of the author unless otherwise indicated. The information contained in this blog is general in nature and is not offered and cannot be considered as legal advice for any particular situation. The author has provided the links referenced above for information purposes only and by doing so, does not adopt or incorporate the contents. Any federal tax advice provided in this communication is not intended or written by the author to be used, and cannot be used by the recipient, for the purpose of avoiding penalties which may be imposed on the recipient by the IRS. Please contact the author if you would like to receive written advice in a format which complies with IRS rules and may be relied upon to avoid penalties.

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