The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals recently vacated and remanded an order concluding that a party was not bound by an arbitration award after concluding that the district court failed to consider whether that party may have consented to arbitration through its actions even though it was not a signatory to the collective bargaining agreement that contained the arbitration clause.

Greenhouse Holdings LLC did business as Clearview Glass and Glazing in Kentucky. Greenhouse also owned 90% of Clearview Glass and Glazing Contractors of Tennessee LLC. The International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 91 filed a grievance against “Clearview Glass” alleging that it violated a collective bargaining agreement the union had. It was unclear whether “Clearview Glass” meant Greenhouse (based on its trade name Clearview Kentucky), Clearview Tennessee, or both. The union argued that Greenhouse was bound by the collective bargaining agreement and an arbitration clause therein. Greenhouse disputed that. The arbitrator apparently sided with the union and issued an order that affected Clearview Kentucky (i.e., Greenhouse). Greenhouse challenged that award.

The district court vacated the arbitrator’s award “to the extent it applies to Greenhouse.” The district court “held that Greenhouse wasn’t a party to the [collective bargaining agreement] and thus the arbitrator acted outside his authority to the extent the award applied to Greenhouse.”

The Third Circuit vacated the district court’s decision. It held that the district court “didn’t address this threshold question” of whether Greenhouse had consented to arbitration even though it did not sign the collective bargaining agreement that contained the arbitration clause. The Third Circuit explained that “an agreement to arbitrate need not be in writing” and that courts “may infer agreement when a party willingly participates in [an] arbitration without objecting to the arbitrator’s jurisdiction.”

The Third Circuit further explained that whether a party has consented to arbitration it otherwise may not have agreed to is a fact-intensive inquiry, and it remanded the case to the district court to analyze that question under the facts of the case.

Greenhouse Holdings, LLC v. International Union of Painters & Allied Trades District Council 91, No. 21-6164 (6th Cir. Aug. 8, 2022).