While the global pandemic that began in 2020 continued throughout 2021, cartel enforcement activity increased among a number of leading enforcement jurisdictions. Overall, global fines in 2021 were up by 229 percent compared with 2020, the first year of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The total for 2021 was $4.6 billion, compared with $1.4 billion in 2020. For some jurisdictions, the fine totals were lower than the fine levels before the pandemic in 2020.
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