A rogue employee can do at least as much damage as a rogue nation.

Even as organizations hunker down for a long and expensive siege against attackers from cyberspace, a determined employee with the right kind of access can be as much of a threat, if not more. Whether disgruntled or dishonest, whether destroying records or stealing intellectual property, it is shockingly easy for insiders to wreak havoc on your most valuable digital assets.

Unprotected data can leave your office on a thumb drive, a laptop, or through a personal email account. Once outside, there are plenty of lively markets for it, both online and off. From competitors looking for trade secrets, to criminals stealing customer data, to rogue states breaching national security — and much more — there is no shortage of buyers for any information that can be monetized.

Are you prepared?

Far too many organizations are unprepared for insider threats. Their data isn’t properly segmented. Password policies are too lax. Mobile devices are insecure. Access permissions are haphazard and not adequately policed.

As a result, a company’s crown jewels can be left exposed. Even your most loyal employees — those with no mischief on their minds — will seek out unprotected data simply because it’s there and they can access it. The problem escalates when an employee with personal issues — debts, drug use, family issues, etc. — succumbs to the temptation to turn access into opportunity. And when that employee works in IT, or even runs the IT department, the damage can be catastrophic.

In the face of these threats, data security needs to be taken far more seriously than it too often is. The crown jewels must be walled off, with access strictly limited on a need-to-know basis. Checks and balances must be established — IT, compliance, and cybersecurity must be responsible for watching over each other. Policies for activating and de-activating accounts must be tightened.

Most organizations have neither the resources nor the personnel to assess current practices, recommend the proper changes, and institute the stricter policies and procedures necessary to protect data going forward. Professional help is usually required.

Are your employees trained?

There is no substitute for instilling the basics of data security throughout the organization. Employees need to be trained by experts in the dos and don’ts. They need to know how to create a proper password. They need to know not to share passwords with co-workers. They need to understand the consequences of insider leaks, even if unintentional.

Email, in particular, is a security breach waiting to happen. Email attachments must not be forwarded to personal accounts. Co-mingling of accounts — work and personal on the same device — need to be restricted, if not eliminated. Awareness of spear-phishing and other “social engineering” ploys needs to be taught and constantly reinforced.

Do you know how to investigate?

If you suspect an insider has been tampering with your data, intense scrutiny — of computer logs, of email traffic, of work processes and procedures — is absolutely essential. The goal is to identify patterns of employee behavior to determine where the breach came from, what damage has been done, and who is responsible.

There are many questions to consider: Who recently accessed a particular shared folder — and why? Who is accessing documents they should not normally be seeing? Is someone from finance copying a strategy statement? Is someone from marketing looking at technical specs? Is someone who has always left the office at 5 pm suddenly staying until 8 pm every night?

Once these questions are answered, there is still a great deal of detective work to do: interviewing personnel, narrowing down suspects, examining motives, figuring out how the breach was carried out. For each step in this process, it is best to engage expert help. Your organization is unlikely to possess the skills to either identify the breach or pin down the suspect.

Are you getting the right help?

It cannot be overstated that for any insider incident, the adequacy of the response will be commensurate with the level of advanced preparation. Policies need to be established, procedures tightened, employees thoroughly trained, and remediation plans carefully laid out ahead of time.

Doing these things right may require outside assistance, but once they’re in place, your organization will be in a much better position to prevent breaches in the first place — and to respond to them when they occur.