Authorities launched new criminal probes, obtained guilty pleas from companies and executives and imposed hefty fines as aggressive enforcement continued.
Several significant developments occurred in cartel enforcement in 2016. New record fines were imposed by enforcement authorities in the European Union and the United Kingdom. EU and India fines exceeded $1 billion. Fines of more than $100 million were imposed in the European Union, Germany, Italy, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine, and the United States.
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