In 2023, cartel fines in key jurisdictions increased by 7.7%—totaling $1.4 billion—compared to 2022. While the totals remain significantly below the peaks seen in the mid-2010s, 2023 saw record fines imposed in several jurisdictions (Japan, United States, Australia, and Canada), which demonstrates global competition enforcers’ continuing intent to pursue cartels and impose severe sanctions.

However, fining by traditionally active agencies in Brazil, the European Union, and South Korea was down by more than 50%, and the United Kingdom also saw a 20% contraction.