For students in a district without a public school, Maine’s Town Tuitioning Program (the Program) provides funding for their attendance at another district’s public school or a nonreligious private school. Sectarian schools are not eligible to receive funds, a restriction Maine has implemented to prohibit the use of public funds for private religious education. Maine argued that without the restriction, the Program would violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

According to the opinion authored by Chief Justice John Roberts, extending funding to sectarian schools would not violate the Establishment Clause because the Program is a “neutral benefit program in which public funds flow to religious organizations through the independent choices of private benefit recipients.” Ultimately, the Court found the Program violated the Free Exercise Clause, as Maine’s proffered “antiestablishment interest” could not justify a program that excludes “some members of the community from an otherwise generally available public benefit because of their religious exercise.”

Following Carson, many states’ constitutional or statutory provisions restricting the use of taxpayer money in religious schools are now in question. The Court reiterated from its earlier decision in Espinoza that states are not required to subsidize private education, but once a state begins, “it cannot disqualify some private schools solely because they are religious.” In those states, Carson soon could result in benefits to religious schools, including religiously affiliated institutions of higher education.