On May 29, 2015, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) issued an Order against Powhatan Energy Fund, LLC and its trading partners, Dr. Houlihan Chen, HEEP Fund, LLC and CU Fund, Inc. (together, “Powhatan”). FERC imposed civil monetary penalties of more than $29 million1 and disgorgement of nearly $5 million against the entities and a $1 million civil penalty against Dr. Chen for fraudulent trading in PJM Interconnection (“PJM”).2 FERC held that Powhatan violated section 222 of the Federal Power Act and section 1c.2 of FERC’s regulations (the “Anti‑Manipulation Rule”) by devising and executing a scheme to trade in a manner technically consistent with the PJM tariff but which violated the market design intended by the tariff.3 Among other arguments, FERC reasoned that profit-seeking alone is insufficient to protect a market participant from violating the Anti-Manipulation Rule—even when seeking profit, traders must not trade in a manner inconsistent with the purpose of an approved market design.
The Transactions at Issue and FERC’s Conclusions About Them
This order comes almost one year after FERC’s Office of Enforcement (“OE Staff”) released its August 2014 Staff Notice of Alleged Violations against Powhatan, in which it asserted that Powhatan engaged in a series of wash trades over the course of three months in 2010. Specifically, FERC alleged that Powhatan took advantage of PJM’s market design by engaging in round-trip Up To Congestion (“UTC”) transactions in the PJM energy market designed to avoid market risk and capture profits through Marginal Loss Surplus Allocation (“MLSA”) payments. UTC trades offer market participants the opportunity to arbitrage price spreads between day-ahead and real-time congestion prices at two different locations within PJM. A market participant whose UTC bid clears pays the difference between the day-ahead prices at locations A and B and receives the difference between the real-time prices at locations A and B.
FERC held that Chen, Powhatan’s head trader, violated the Anti-Manipulation Rule by matching UTC transactions with transmission reservations between two distant locations that appeared to be spread trades but that immediately canceled each other out. The trades were profitable because as cleared UTC transactions increased, reservation amounts under the PJM tariff increased and thus the share of MLSA payments increased.4 FERC concluded that the sole purpose of the trading was to capture MLSA payments and that Powhatan earned more than $5 million from these trades, affecting more than 100,000 MWh of electricity.5
Powhatan’s Arguments
Powhatan argued that the UTC transactions were legal, permissible, not fraudulent and executed for a legitimate economic purpose. Powhatan asserted that the fact that the trade volume did not balance equally in both directions showed that the trades were designed to expose Powhatan to market risk, and obtain market-based profits, rather than exclusively MLSA payments. Powhatan further reasoned that their trades had not disadvantaged other market participants because these participants were not entitled to the MLSA payments.6
Moreover, Powhatan argued that they engaged in these trades in response to price signals sent by the PJM tariff’s market design in an open and transparent manner. Powhatan said that PJM’s flawed market design motivated traders to profit from the tariff’s “loophole” and capture MLSA payments.7 Powhatan stopped short of admitting that this was their motivation, however, saying “maybe [it] was, maybe [it] wasn’t” Dr. Chen’s motivation.8 Regardless, Powhatan asserted that FERC should have corrected PJM’s market design rather than penalize Powhatan. Indeed, Powhatan casts this sort of loophole trading as a value to the marketplace because traders identify loopholes which, if corrected, improve market design and efficiency.
Powhatan also argued that FERC violated respondents’ due process rights by failing to provide fair notice that FERC would penalize market participants who take advantage of this known loophole in the system that had been discussed openly prior to the adoption of the surplus allocation rules. Powhatan reasoned that FERC’s orders approving the tariff foresaw the anticipated consequences of PJM’s market design and yet FERC approved the market design.9 Powhatan argued that FERC “has the responsibility to state with ascertainable certainty what is meant by the standards [it] has promulgated.”10 Moreover, Powhatan asserted that their trades were permitted by the PJM Tariff and that FERC did not preclude round-trip UTC trades from capturing MLSA payments in a prior proceeding.11 As a result, Powhatan reasoned, FERC did not provide fair notice that the UTC trades were improper.
In the January 2015 Response to FERC’s Order to Show Cause, Powhatan elected to receive an immediate penalty assessment and recently stated that they will not pay the penalty. Powhatan’s position places the onus on FERC to seek enforcement of its penalty in federal district court where the court will review FERC’s decision de novo, if the respondents indeed refuse to pay.12
FERC’s Order
FERC rejected all of Powhatan’s arguments and held the respondents liable for violating the Anti-Manipulation Rule. FERC concluded that “[t]he fact that the PJM tariff does not explicitly prohibit round-trip UTC trades does not create a loophole or otherwise render [Powhatan’s] transactions lawful.”13 It reasoned that a tariff cannot explicitly prohibit every kind of fraudulent behavior.14 FERC also asserted that Powhatan understood PJM’s market was designed to incentivize the convergence of day-ahead and real-time markets. Despite this awareness, Powhatan engaged in UTC transactions that constituted prohibited wash trades and that did not have the convergence effect that the PJM market intends. Rather, FERC concluded, Powhatan’s trades were designed solely to receive MLSA payments. FERC argued that market participants should seek profits based on market fundamentals, but not on the basis of out-of-market payments like MLSAs.
Moreover, FERC distinguished two cases raised by Powhatan in which FERC exercised more leniency towards traders investigated for similar trading.15 It noted that the market participants in those cases had responded either to actual price differences in making their spread trades or had approached FERC before engaging in similar conduct and received initial approval that was later withdrawn. FERC emphasized that Powhatan, by contrast, had not consulted FERC before making the purportedly fraudulent trades.
The Penalty Calculation
In calculating Powhatan’s base penalty, FERC adopted OE Staff’s recommended increase to Powhatan’s base levels after determining that (1) the participants had full knowledge of the fraudulent trades and (2) the scope of the violation, based on volume and duration, was considerable. FERC also adopted OE Staff’s recommendation that Powhatan’s penalty reflect Powhatan’s failure to accept responsibility for its conduct.16 While accepting OE Staff’s penalty, FERC determined that OE Staff erred in calculating recommended penalties based on unjust profits rather than on total losses resulting from the alleged violations.17 FERC noted that Powhatan’s trading activity caused losses of nearly $9 million, a figure significantly higher than the approximately $3 million Powhatan purportedly obtained in unjust profits.18 Despite this difference, FERC ultimately determined to “exercise [its] discretion and accept OE Staff’s proposed penalty, which falls within the applicable Penalty Guidelines range.”19
Conclusion
The positions taken by Powhatan and FERC during the course of the investigation leading to the penalty assessment reflect fundamentally different views of the rules governing market participants in FERC-regulated energy markets. FERC’s penalty assessment makes clear that it expects market participants not only to abide by explicit rules but also to refrain from actions that undermine the intended results of the market design. This “intent of the market design” concept poses a significant challenge for market participants and highlights the continued importance of robust compliance programs that consider all aspects of a trading strategy, including perceptions of intended market design. Perhaps the anticipated de novo review in federal court will provide greater clarity to market participants on this enforcement risk in FERC-regulated power markets.
Under the supervision of the authors, Alex Hokenson, a summer associate at Cadwalader, provided valuable research and input into the drafting of this Clients and Friends Memorandum.
1 These penalties are quite significant, constituting almost six times the nearly $5 million disgorgement and more than three times the approximately $9 million in total losses that FERC calculated resulted from the alleged violations.
2 Specifically, FERC imposed civil penalties of $16,800,000 against Powhatan Energy Fund, $10,080,000 against CU Fund, and $1,920,000 million against HEEP. It assessed disgorgement of $3,465,108 against Powhatan Energy Fund, $1,080,576 against CU Fund, and $173,100 against HEEP. It also imposed a $1,000,000 penalty against Dr. Chen individually. See Order Assessing Civil Penalties, 151 FERC ¶ 61,179 (May 29, 2015) (“Order”).
3 Order at 2-3.
4 Under the PJM tariff, MLSA is mathematically calculated based on factors that include cleared UTC trades.
5 Order at 78.
6 Order at 28.
7 Order at 31.
8 Order at 27.
9 Powhatan Energy Fund LLC, Response in Opposition to Order to Show Cause and Notice of Proposed Penalty, at 12-13 (Feb. 2, 2015) (“Powhatan Response”). Powhatan quoted a prior FERC decision that demonstrated its awareness of the loophole, in which FERC provided: “If arbitrageurs can profit from the volume of their trades, they are not reacting only to perceived price differentials in LMP or congestion, and may make trades that would not be profitable based solely on price differentials alone.” Powhatan Response at 9 (quoting Black Oak Energy, LLC v. PJM Interconnection, LLC, Order Denying Complaint, 122 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,208 at P 51 (Mar. 6, 2008) (“Black Oak Energy”)).
10 Order at 53 (citing Chen’s Answer to the Order to Show Cause at 39).
11 Order at 53 (citations omitted).
12 This de novo review is mandated by Section 31(d)(3)(A) of the Federal Power Act. However, the scope of de novo review provided by this section of the Federal Power Act is currently being litigated in FERC v. Barclays, et al., No. 2:13-cv-02093 in the Eastern District of California and in FERC v. Silkman et al., No. 1:13-cv-13054 and FERC v. Lincoln Paper & Tissue, LLC, No. 1:13-cv-13056 in the District of Massachusetts. In each of these cases, FERC takes the position that de novo review does not require a trial and that the court may affirm the penalty assessment without modification following a review of FERC’s Order Assessing Civil Penalties and the materials presented to the Commission by OE Staff and the respondents during the penalty assessment process.
13 Order at 4.
14 Id. at 58.
15 See Idaho Wind Partners 1, LLC, Order Dismissing Without Prejudice Petition for Declaratory Order, 134 FERC ¶ 61,217 (Mar. 17, 2011); see also Lake Erie Loop Flow, Order Authorizing Public Disclosure of Enforcement Staff Report and Directing the Filing of an Additional Report, 128 FERC ¶ 61,049 (Jul. 16, 2009).
16 FERC did not mention Powhatan’s website, through which Powhatan has chosen to publicly document FERC’s enforcement action against them. FERC did, however, reduce Powhatan’s base penalty of $17.5 million by $700,000 in recognition of their cooperation with the investigation.
17 Notably, however, this OE Staff error did not apply to its penalty determination for Chen.
18 Order at 78-79.
19 Id. at 79. In explaining OE Staff’s error, FERC reasoned that “[t]he Commission will use the gain that resulted from the violation as an alternative measure of loss only if there is a loss but it reasonably cannot be determined.” Id. at 75 (FERC Penalty Guidelines § 2B1.1, Application Note 2B (emphasis added in Order)).