The energy sector is a critical element in Africa’s economic development. It includes traditional resources such as oil, gas and coal as well as a growing emphasis on renewable sources of energy. Historically and today, the African energy sector has been dominated by the petroleum industry. According to 2015 estimates, 57 per cent of Africa’s export earnings are derived from hydrocarbon revenues and Africa accounts for over 11 per cent of global oil production over the past decade. As discussed below, the energy sector has generated a significant number of disputes that have been resolved through international arbitration, and this number appears to be increasing.

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