With Election Day fast approaching, employers should ensure they are in compliance with state law requirements related to employee voting rights. While not all states impose requirements on employers, some impose time off obligations and notice requirements with the possibility of criminal or civil penalties for non-compliance.

Applicable voting laws vary by state. Some state laws require paid time off to vote, while other state laws do not mandate such time off be paid. Laws also vary as to the amount of time that must be provided and whether an employer can dictate which hours are taken off, such as at the start or end of the employee’s workday. Further, some jurisdictions require postings to advise employees of their voting leave rights. Additionally, some jurisdictions also obligate employers to provide time off to employees who serve as election officials or to serve in an elected office.

Employers should immediately review existing policies and practices to ensure compliance with applicable laws and be prepared to address employee requests for time off prior to Election Day on November 6th.

The following is a sampling of state law requirements regarding employee voting time off:

Arizona – Arizona Revised Statute § 16-402 provides that an employee has the right to be absent from work if they have fewer than 3 consecutive hours in which to vote between the opening of the polls and the beginning of their work shift, or between the end of their regular work shift and the closing of the polls. An employee may be absent for a length of time at the beginning or end of the employee’s work shift that, when added to the time difference between work-shift hours and the opening/closing of the polls, totals 3 consecutive hours.

• Notice: The employee must apply for leave prior to Election Day.
• Hours: The employer may specify the hours.
• Paid: Leave is paid.

California – Pursuant to California Election Code § 14000, employees are entitled to an amount of time off to vote that, when added to the voting time otherwise available to the employee outside of working hours, will enable the employee to vote. An employee with sufficient non-working time to vote is not entitled to additional time off to vote.

• Notice: Two working days’ advance notice prior to the election is required if, on the third working day prior to the election, the employee knows or has reason to believe they will need time off in order to vote.
• Hours: Time may be taken only at the beginning or end of the work shift, whichever allows the greatest amount of free time for voting and least time off from work, unless otherwise mutually agreed.
• Paid: No more than 2 hours of the time taken off for voting may be without loss of pay.
• Posting Requirement: Employers must also post a notice of voting time requirements at least 10 days before an election. Employers can satisfy this requirement by posting a copy of the “Time Off to Vote” notice available here: https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/time-vote-notices/

Colorado – Colorado Revised Statute §1-7-102 provides that eligible voters are entitled to be absent from work for up to 2 hours for the purpose of voting on Election Day unless the employee has at least 3 non-working hours to vote while the polls are open.

• Hours: The employer may specify the hours of absence, but the hours must be at the beginning or end of the work shift, if the employee so requests.
• Paid: No more than 2 hours.

Hawaii – Pursuant to Hawaii Revised Statutes § 11-95, employees who do not have 2 consecutive non-working hours to vote while the polls are open are entitled to take time off up to 2 hours (excluding any lunch or rest periods) to vote, so that the time taken when added to the non-working time totals 2 consecutive hours when the polls are open. Employees cannot be required to reschedule their normal work hours to avoid the needed time off.

• Paid: Employees must be paid for time taken during working hours. If any employee fails to vote after taking time off for that purpose, the employer, upon verification of that fact, may make appropriate deductions from the salary or wages of the employee for the period during which the employee is entitled to be absent from employment.
• Proof: Presentation of a voter’s receipt to the employer will constitute proof of voting by the employee.

Illinois – Under Illinois Statute 10 ILCS 5/17-15, an eligible voter is allowed 2 hours to vote while polls are open if the employee’s working hours begin less than 2 hours after opening of the polls and end less than 2 hours before closing of the polls. An employer may specify the hours during which the employee may be absent.

• Notice: Employees must provide notice prior to election day.
• Paid: Employers cannot reduce employees’ pay for voting time leave.

Maryland – Maryland Election Law Code §10-315 states that every employer in the state must allow employees who claim to be registered voters to be absent from work for up to 2 hours on Election Day to vote if the employee does not have 2 consecutive non-working hours to vote while the polls are open.

• Paid: Employees must be paid for up to 2 hours of absence.
• Proof: Employees must provide proof of voting or attempt to vote on a form prescribed by the State Board.

New York – New York Election Law § 3-110 states that an employee is entitled to a sufficient amount of leave time that, when added to the employee’s available time outside of working hours, will enable the employee to vote. Four hours is considered sufficient time. An employee is excluded from leave if the employee has 4 consecutive hours in which to vote either between the opening of the polls and the beginning of the employee’s work shift or the end of the employee’s work shift and the close of the polls.

• Notice: The employee must provide notice of leave at least 2, but not more than 10, days prior to the election.
• Hours: The employer may specify the hours. Leave must be given at the beginning or end of the work shift, as the employer may designate, unless otherwise agreed.
• Paid: Not more than 2 hours may be without loss of pay.
• Posting Requirement: Employers must also conspicuously post a notice for employees about the law not less than 10 working days before every election. The notice must be kept posted until the close of the polls on election day. Employers that have yet to post such a notice can find a copy here: http://www.elections.ny.gov/nysboe/elections/attentionemployees.pdf

Tennessee – Under Tennessee Code § 2-1-106, an eligible voter must be allowed reasonable time to vote, up to 3 hours, unless polls in the county where the employee is a resident are open 3 hours before or after work. An employer may specify the hours during which the employee may be absent.

• Notice: Employees must apply for voting leave before noon the day before the election.
• Paid: Employers cannot reduce pay because employees take voting time leave.

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Of course, in addition to state law, local laws should be reviewed for compliance with voting leave rights.