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Create a zero-tolerance policy for threats. Make clear in your policies that any threat or comment about violent behavior – hurting or shooting someone or bombing the school – will be taken seriously, even if the comment was made in jest. Your employees and students should clearly understand that, just like at the airport, there is zero tolerance if an individual makes a comment, posts on social media, sends a text message, or exhibits behavior that demonstrates a threat to the school community.

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Develop anti-harassment and anti-bullying policies. Harassing behavior and bullying are often key early indicators of potentially violent behavior, so the first step your school can take to prevent a tragedy is to address this misconduct. Work with your counsel to develop up-to-date policies. It’s a good idea to have a clearly communicated policy on harassment, bullying, abuse, and threats — including cyberthreats – and be aggressive about enforcement. Policies should identify the prohibited conduct, provide examples, and also give the school authority to address off-campus conduct, as such behavior may still negatively affect the school and its community.

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Prepare to conduct effective investigations. Develop a process ahead of time to promptly investigate claims from employees and students that someone is threatening them or someone else in the school community, talking about bringing a weapon to campus, planning to get revenge, or otherwise exhibiting conduct that raises red flags. Depending on the facts and circumstances of the situation, the threat may need to be immediately reported to law enforcement. In other instances, a trained individual at your school should investigate the allegations. When in doubt, contact legal counsel to assist you in determining the best path forward. An investigation needs to include carefully documented witness interviews to gather relevant information in a timely manner. You should note that each state has its own laws that apply to bullying and threatening behavior, and such conduct could constitute a crime or trigger mandatory reporting obligations by the school to law enforcement or child protective services.

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Encourage reporting of suspicious behavior. Remind your community (parents, students, employees, volunteers, and vendors) to immediately report suspicious or concerning behavior to both the school administration and to local law enforcement. You should ask students to be aware of other students’ activities, including on social media, and to report concerns related to weapons, threats of violence, and similar content.

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Create the right for your school to conduct searches. Your school’s handbooks should be clear regarding your ability to conduct unfettered searches for evidence of improper conduct on campus. This includes your school’s right to search anyone on campus, including their bags and backpacks, any physical spaces like lockers, vehicles, or storage spaces, and individual and school-issued devices like laptops, tablets, phones, and all other electronic devices. Your school may want to consider including language about periodic searches by drug or bomb detecting dogs. Make sure your policy also requires all personnel and students to report any alleged violation of school policies and that it outlines the disciplinary process for violations and failure to report violations.

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Consider filter settings and similar electronic detection tools. A variety of tools are available to filter internet searches and messaging on school networks. For example, these tools trigger notification to the appropriate school representatives if a student, employee, or other individual conducts concerning internet searches. At a minimum, be sure your school’s technology department is able to review search histories upon request and emails even if deleted by the account holder.

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Take consistent disciplinary action. When you find violations of your policies, your school should issue appropriate discipline in accordance with your rules, guidelines, and procedures. Keeping a running record of disciplinary consequences is necessary to be sure the school is applying consequences equitably to similarly situated students. You should also review your handbooks and enrollment contracts regarding the sharing of disciplinary actions with other schools and/or universities. Before sharing any such information, confirm you are acting in accordance with school policy and any applicable laws in your jurisdiction or your school could face additional legal claims. In some situations, you may have to balance the risk of a claim that you disclosed too much information with the risk of not disclosing enough. Again, legal counsel can help.

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Conduct regular training and maintain critical records. Ensure that your students, staff, and faculty have the proper training regarding your policies. Maintain records of their acknowledgment and understanding of these policies.

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Involve your legal counsel. The first step is always engaging legal counsel to help you throughout the security audit process. Your attorneys can help you identify and vet possible consultants, draft a contract between the consultant and your school, and help your school to review and clarify any report(s) the consultant prepares. They can also help you frame your process and develop a plan even if you are operating without a third-party consultant. Working with your attorney can help to shield some of these sensitive conversations from discovery in the event of any litigation through the attorney-client privilege. If you retain a third-party consultant, make sure you ask five key questions as found here in this related Insight.

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Develop a written plan and practice drills. Does your school have a written lockdown plan for active shooter or other violent events? If so, has your school drilled on the plan? As mentioned above, you’ll want to drill on the various types of emergencies to develop muscle memory on each individual’s responsibility during the event. Start with training your staff, consider inviting law enforcement, and decide whether to eventually involve children to practice the drills with your staff. Your plan and drills should be reviewed annually or any time significant changes occur on your campus to be sure the materials and procedures are current. Importantly, active shooter drills are different from weather or fire evacuation exercises and cannot be commingled with other drills.

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Create safety reference guides. Consider developing flip charts or reference guides in every room that cover lockdown procedures, strangers on campus, health and safety policies, fire drills, emergency procedures (such as 911 calls), tornados, severe weather, and other emergencies. You want employees and visitors to be able grab a copy of your procedures quickly, wherever they are, to look up who to call and what to do in the immediate aftermath.

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Evaluate your campus entrances. Questions to consider: Is your campus fenced (as a first layer of your layered security)? Do your driveways have gates or arms that prevent vehicles from freely entering? Are there limited, guarded entrances or gates as a second layer of security? Do buildings have limited and controlled points of entry and exit (choke points) as an additional layer of security? Is implementing technology to allow remote lockdowns or notifications of lockdowns right for your school? Are other doors locked against entry from the outside but still allowing egress from the inside? Any open door should be monitored by an actual person. You should not have the doors open or unlocked even for drop-off and pick-up but people still need to be able to safely exit the building in the event of an evacuation due to threat or fire. It might inconvenience students and parents at the end of the day – but may save lives.

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Consider your security presence. Consider whether you should retain off-duty police officers or armed private security to be present while children are on campus and how many to have, especially at peak hours such as carpool or large events. Make sure you know your state law on armed personnel on campus and ensure that any armed private security personnel receive regular qualification training. Some states now have laws allowing school personnel to be armed if they complete training and have permission from the board of trustees. Work with your legal counsel and insurer to balance the pros and cons to determine whether these programs might be right for your school.

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Create a relationship with local first responders. Set up meetings with local law enforcement, fire rescue, and medical responders to give first responders a chance to know you and know your campus. Invite them to train on your campus or at your school on weekends or after hours. The better first responders know your campus, the quicker and more ably they can help in an emergency.

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Make it easy to locate buildings. Ensure you have up-to-date drawings of your campus and buildings, and that all buildings are numbered large enough for first responders to see. Provide copies to local law enforcement and first responders as well as having copies available throughout the campus.

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Review past incidents. If there have been prior incidents or security breaches at your school, consider reviewing them to analyze what was involved — crimes, intruders, trespassers, threats? Where are they coming from: Students? Prior students? Parents? Third parties? What steps do you need to take to further secure your campus against these breaches?

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Consider installing security measures. There are a variety of measures you can consider. Some schools have video surveillance monitoring and the ability to remotely lockdown the school. Others provide portable radios or cell phone applications so school officials can immediately communicate with security, the incident response team, and the administration. Schools now more commonly have protective barriers like bullet impeding window film, screens or glass, hurricane windows, or bollards or planters to prevent vehicle intrusion into the school. Is there only one entrance for visitors? Is that entrance locked? Note that standard metal detectors are incredibly expensive, difficult to calibrate, and require at least two people to function. Package-only metal detectors are less expensive and only require one trained technician to operate, but are also less effective.

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Prepare for emergency response situations. Offer training for AEDs, first aid, and CPR. Consider whether to certify your entire staff. Does your school have AEDs, trauma kits (distinct from first aid kits) with adult and child size tourniquets, and other emergency response equipment? Make sure any flip charts reflect where these items are located. Seek input from your local emergency responders for what might be useful to them in an emergency.

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Check in with your community. Ask whether your students and staff feel safe. Consider holding regular meetings regarding security and safety. Ask for community input to determine whether you need to adapt your measures or where they may see areas for security improvement.

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Develop a visitor verification system. Some visitor management systems require all visitors to tender their driver’s license so security can run it for open warrants and against the sex offender registries.

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Develop building access protocols. Develop a strong control process for access devices, such as keys, key cards, and pass cards. Keep a log of who has what key or access device and create strict prohibitions on sharing of keys or access devices. Track whether employees leave physical keys at school or take them home. Make sure employees or students are not circumventing these measures by propping open doors, windows, or gates.

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Conduct regular campus sweeps. Consider sweeping your campus for foreign objects on a regular basis, perhaps each morning. When your school campus opens in the morning, consider assigning someone to look for boxes, backpacks, bags, and other objects that someone other than students may have deposited. This is also a good time to confirm all gates, windows and doors are properly secured. Ensure that campus security officers are moving throughout the campus rather than remaining stationery.

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Ensure you lock your campus at the close of the day. Make sure someone is assigned to properly lock the school at the end of each school day and re-verify that all doors are locked. Also create a plan for which buildings or campus areas will be locked after classes are completed while extracurricular and extended day activities are being held.

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Stay current with maintenance. Be sure to monitor and promptly repair maintenance problems that could become security issues. For example, among other things, make sure doors and windows properly close and lock, that surveillance cameras are operational, and that gates latch securely.