The Eleventh Circuit recently issued a ruling that websites are not places of public accommodation, building upon decisions by other courts and deepening the divide among appellate courts on this issue. As we have written in prior client alerts,[1][2][3] Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which forbids “places of public accommodation” from discriminating against those with disabilities, may also apply to websites. Blind and visually impaired people often use adaptive technology and software to “read” websites and navigate using voice commands and keystrokes rather than using a mouse. For this assistive technology to work properly, particular coding must be used in creating the website.

In the absence of concrete guidance from the Department of Justice (which promulgates rules under the ADA) or Congress, businesses and their compliance and IT professionals have struggled to determine whether the ADA applies to their websites, and which accessibility fixes may be required. Informal and non-binding DOJ guidance indicates that the “places of public accommodation” language of the ADA applies to websites.

The courts also are split, with federal courts in the First, Second, and Seventh Circuits holding that any website can be a place of public accommodation, and courts in the Third, Sixth, and Ninth Circuits holding that there must be a “nexus” between the website and an actual physical location.[4]

The Eleventh Circuit is the latest appellate court to issue a ruling in this area, and it builds upon decisions by the Third, Sixth, or Ninth Circuits in holding that websites are not places of public accommodation. In the recent Gil v. Winn-Dixie Stores decision,[5] the court vacated a trial court ruling that the grocer’s website violated the ADA because it did not work with assistive reading software for visually impaired customers. The trial court had issued an injunction that required, among other things, that Winn-Dixie’s website adhere to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (“WCAG 2.0”), which is a set of accessibility standards generated by a private consortium. The Eleventh Circuit panel overturned the trial court decision and vacated the injunction. In so ruling, the appeals court held that websites are not places of public accommodation as contemplated by the ADA. The court further held that the website did not present an impermissible barrier to access, because visually impaired customers could still access the physical stores without being able to access the website.

While this is a major win for business owners, particularly those whose businesses operate solely online, litigation in this area continues on a widespread basis (particularly in the First, Second, and Seventh Circuits and states with their own accessibility laws). Accordingly, businesses building or updating their websites should continue to consider accessibility from the outset. Although plaintiffs can obtain only injunctive relief and attorney’s fees in litigation under the ADA, some attendant state law claims do allow for some financial recovery, and the plaintiffs’ bar has been very aggressive in pursuing early settlements.