The European Commission has routinely considered potential harm to innovation as part of its merger assessments, particularly in R&D driven sectors such as pharmaceuticals and technology. In recent years, however, the...more
Antitrust merger enforcement historically has focused on horizontal mergers — consolidation of two firms that compete directly in the same space. This is especially true in the U.S., where antitrust authorities have...more
2017 saw some highly significant investigations and court judgments in European Union merger control. Notably: ..After detailed investigations and subject to extensive divestments, the European Commission (“EC”) cleared...more