The question of who qualifies as a “consumer” under the Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA) is no longer academic. In late March and early April 2025, two federal appellate courts issued starkly conflicting rulings in Gardner...more
On August 8, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit again weighed in on Article III standing. Unlike its previous ventures into standing, however, it did so this time in the context of the Illinois...more