Vaccine Exemption Policy Requiring Citation to Official Doctrine Violates First Amendment Madison Houghton and Nathan A. Adams IV In Does 1-11 v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Colorado, 100 F. 4th 1251 (10th Cir. 2024), former...more
7/12/2024
/ Anti-Discrimination Policies ,
Censorship ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Employment Litigation ,
Equal Protection ,
Establishment Clause ,
Failure to Accommodate ,
FEHA ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Groff v DeJoy ,
Hiring & Firing ,
Local Ordinance ,
Minors ,
Native American Issues ,
Public Schools ,
Religious Accommodation ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Title VII ,
Transgender ,
Undue Hardship ,
Vaccinations ,
Zoning Laws
Enhanced Airport Screening Did Not Violate Free Exercise Clause In Haidari v. Mayorkas, No. 22-cv-2939 (ECT/ECW), 2023 WL 5487351 (D. Minn. Aug. 24, 2023), the court dismissed the plaintiff's claim that federal agents have...more
10/17/2023
/ Airports ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Division of Assets ,
Divorce ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Orders ,
Fourteenth Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Governor Beshear ,
Marital Assets ,
Opt-Outs ,
Private Schools ,
Public Schools ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Institutions ,
RLUIPA ,
Screening Procedures ,
Vaccinations ,
Zoning Laws
Blanket Limitation on Private Home Gatherings to 3 Households Overturned In Tandon v. Newsom, 141 S.Ct. 1294 (2021) (per curiam), the U.S. Supreme Court enjoined pending appeal California's imposition of a blanket limitation...more
6/10/2021
/ CA Supreme Court ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Defamation ,
Discipline ,
Employment Discrimination ,
Establishment Clause ,
Governor Newsom ,
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress ,
Municipalities ,
Partial Summary Judgments ,
Petition for Writ of Certiorari ,
Religious Accommodation ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Remand ,
Reproductive Discrimination ,
RLUIPA ,
Safe Harbors ,
Social Distancing ,
Title VII ,
Tuition ,
Undue Hardship ,
UT Supreme Court ,
Writ of Mandamus ,
Zoning Laws
In Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, No. 18-1195, 2020 WL 3518364 (June 30, 2020), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Montana could not exclude religious schools from a tax credit scholarship program on the grounds...more
7/6/2020
/ Compelling Governmental Interest ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Espinoza v Montana Department of Revenue ,
Establishment Clause ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
No Aid Clause ,
Private Schools ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Schools ,
Remand ,
Reversal ,
Scholarships ,
SCOTUS ,
State Aid ,
State Constitutions ,
Strict Scrutiny Standard ,
Tuition
Key Cases -
School States Claim Against State Superintendent for Unconstitutional Discrimination
In Bethel Ministries, Inc. v. Salmon, No. SAG-19-01853, 2019 WL 6034988 (D. Md. Nov. 14, 2019), the court denied Maryland...more
12/16/2019
/ Administrative Procedure Act ,
Adoption ,
Affordable Care Act ,
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ,
Breach of Contract ,
Catholic Church ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Dismissal With Prejudice ,
Dismissals ,
Due Process ,
Establishment Clause ,
Failure To State A Claim ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Hostile Environment ,
Pregnancy Discrimination ,
Preliminary Injunctions ,
Private Schools ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retaliation ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Title IX
Rehearing Denied for Elementary School Against Catholic Teacher's ADA Claim -
In Biel v. St. James Sch., 926 F. 3d 1238 (9th Cir. 2019), the petition for rehearing and the petition for rehearing en banc was denied, subject...more
9/4/2019
/ Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Catholic Church ,
Construction Project ,
Department of Labor (DOL) ,
Equal Protection ,
Federal Contractors ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Homeless Issues ,
Human Rights Act ,
Jurisdiction ,
Municipalities ,
Public Accommodation ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
RLUIPA ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Teachers ,
Title VII
Key Cases -
Covert Surveillance Due to Religious Identity is Actionable -
Government surveillance of individuals due to their religious identity is actionable under federal law. In Fazaga v. Federal Bureau of...more
6/19/2019
/ Churches ,
Due Process ,
Emotional Distress Damages ,
Establishment Clause ,
FBI ,
Fourth Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
IRS ,
Local Ordinance ,
Muslims ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
RLUIPA ,
Standing ,
Subject Matter Jurisdiction ,
Tax Exempt Entities ,
Wage and Hour
Courts continue to grapple with the scope and meaning of the ministerial exception doctrine. In Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & Sch. v. EEOC, 565 U.S. 171 (2012), the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that a...more
1/4/2019
/ Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Churches ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Contraceptives ,
Employee Handbooks ,
Employment Contract ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
Establishment Clause ,
Federal Funding ,
First Amendment ,
Fourteenth Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Hiring & Firing ,
Hostile Environment ,
Interim Final Rules (IFR) ,
Muslims ,
Preliminary Injunctions ,
Private Schools ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
School Districts ,
School Policies ,
Standing ,
Summary Judgment ,
Teachers ,
Title VII ,
Universities
Key Cases -
Establishment Challenge to Presidential Proclamation Subject to Rational Basis Review -
In Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S.Ct. 2392 (2018), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the lowest level of constitutional...more
9/26/2018
/ Appeals ,
Breach of Contract ,
Churches ,
Confessions ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Department of Justice (DOJ) ,
Department of Labor (DOL) ,
Dismissals ,
Employment Contract ,
Employment Discrimination ,
Establishment Clause ,
Fair Employment Practices Act ,
Federal Agency Taskforce ,
First Amendment ,
Foreign Nationals ,
Freedom of Religion ,
Health and Safety ,
Immigration and Nationality Act ,
Immunization Exemptions ,
Merger Agreements ,
Mergers ,
Motion to Dismiss ,
Muslims ,
National Security ,
Personal Belief Exemption ,
Police ,
Prayer ,
Priests ,
Protective Orders ,
Public Accommodation ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
RLUIPA ,
School Districts ,
Sexual Abuse ,
Students ,
Subject Matter Jurisdiction ,
Subpoenas ,
Summary Judgment ,
Title VII ,
Trump Administration ,
Trump v Hawaii ,
US Department of State ,
Zoning Laws
Since 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court has expressly construed a neutral law of general applicability as consistent with the free exercise clause. Deeming Colorado's public accommodations law just such a law, the Colorado Court...more
6/8/2018
/ Administrative Agencies ,
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Anti-Discrimination Policies ,
Appeals ,
Churches ,
Colleges ,
Defamation ,
Dismissals ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
Establishment Clause ,
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) ,
Fiduciary Duty ,
First Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Funeral Homes ,
Hiring & Firing ,
Historic Preservation ,
Hospitals ,
LGBTQ ,
Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd v Colorado Civil Rights Commission ,
Minimum Wage ,
New Rules ,
Preliminary Injunctions ,
Priests ,
Private Sector ,
Property Owners ,
Public Accommodation ,
Public Funds ,
Race Discrimination ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Restaurant Industry ,
Retaliation ,
Reversal ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
SCOTUS ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Sexual Stereotyping ,
Summary Judgment ,
Teachers ,
Title VII ,
Transgender ,
Trump Administration ,
Trustees ,
Trusts ,
Universities ,
Unpaid Wages ,
Wage and Hour ,
Writ of Prohibition
Timely Topics -
By Shannon B. Hartsfield -
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced on Jan. 18, 2018, the creation of a new division within its Office for Civil Rights (OCR). OCR is described as...more
1/29/2018
/ Abortion ,
Affordable Care Act ,
Appeals ,
Assisted Suicide ,
BOLI ,
Breach of Contract ,
Catholic Church ,
Charter Schools ,
Church Plans ,
Churches ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Defamation ,
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) ,
Employee Benefits ,
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Orders ,
Federal Funding ,
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) ,
Fees ,
First Amendment ,
Fourteenth Amendment ,
Freedom of Religion ,
Hospitals ,
Injunctive Relief ,
Interim Final Rules (IFR) ,
Internet ,
Medicaid ,
New Guidance ,
Nonprofits ,
OCR ,
Preliminary Injunctions ,
Priests ,
Proposed Rules ,
Public Accommodation ,
Public Health Service Act ,
Race Discrimination ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retirement Plan ,
RLUIPA ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Sexual Conduct ,
Sexual Orientation Discrimination ,
Summary Judgment ,
Trump v Hawaii ,
USCIS ,
Vetting
Timely Topics -
Serious data breaches have become routine in the United States, yet a recent survey shows that the majority of religious institutions do not have a full-time IT professional, have no system to detect a...more
11/30/2017
/ Churches ,
College Admissions ,
Colleges ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Cybersecurity ,
Data Breach ,
Employee Housing ,
Equal Protection ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Orders ,
FEMA ,
Fifth Amendment ,
First Amendment ,
Fourteenth Amendment ,
Free Speech ,
Gender Discrimination ,
Hackers ,
Historical Rehabilitation ,
Information Technology ,
Motion for Summary Judgment ,
Public Accommodation ,
Public Funds ,
Ransomware ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retaliation ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Standing ,
Title VII ,
Trademarks ,
Trump Administration ,
Trump v International Refugee Assistance Project ,
Vaccinations ,
Videographers
In Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer, No. 15-577 (June 26, 2017), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that excluding a church from a public benefit program for which it is otherwise qualified violates the Free...more
6/28/2017
/ Churches ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
First Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Public Benefits ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
SCOTUS ,
State and Local Government ,
State Funding ,
Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia Inc. v Comer
Timely Topics -
The U.S. Supreme Court recently heard oral argument in Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer, No. 15-577. The lawsuit concerns whether the daycare operated by a Missouri church may qualify...more
6/1/2017
/ Abstention ,
Censures ,
Churches ,
Day Care ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Orders ,
Expulsion ,
Fair Housing Act (FHA) ,
Federal Funding ,
Foreign Nationals ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Immigration Reform ,
Judges ,
LGBTQ ,
Nonprofits ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
RLUIPA ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
SCOTUS ,
Travel Ban ,
Trump Administration ,
Zoning Laws
Timely Topics -
A draft executive order of President Donald Trump relating to religious freedom proposes several material changes to federal law. First, it would require the executive branches to recognize a broad scope...more
2/9/2017
/ Appeals ,
Assisted Suicide ,
Charitable Donations ,
Church Plans ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Disparate Impact ,
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Branch ,
First Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Freedom of Religion ,
ISIS ,
Ministerial Function ,
Pensions ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Displays ,
Religious Expression ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retirement Plan ,
RLUIPA ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Tax Exempt Entities ,
Taxable Income ,
Terrorist Threats ,
Title VII ,
Trump Administration ,
Zoning Laws
When was the last time your organization reviewed your insurance policies? Not all policies are equal. Many religious organizations are underinsured. Most should have general liability, property, professional liability,...more
8/19/2016
/ Abortion ,
Breach of Contract ,
Church Plans ,
Churches ,
Commercial Insurance Policies ,
D&O Insurance ,
Declaratory Judgments ,
Educational Institutions ,
Employee Benefits ,
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ,
Employer Mandates ,
Employment Contract ,
Equal Protection ,
Establishment Clause ,
Exemptions ,
FDUTPA ,
Fiduciary Duty ,
First Amendment ,
Fraud ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Funeral Homes ,
Grants ,
Health Insurance ,
Healthcare ,
Insurance Industry ,
IRS ,
LGBTQ ,
Prayer ,
Professional Liability Insurance ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Displays ,
Religious Institutions ,
Scholarships ,
Standing ,
Subject Matter Jurisdiction ,
Tax Credits ,
Title VII ,
Transgender ,
Universities ,
Wage and Hour
Timely Topics -
The death of U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia will have an uncertain effect on religious institutions. Justice Scalia delivered the majority opinion in Employment Div. v. Smith, 494 U.S...more
Timely Topics -
A non-compete clause, covenant not to compete or restrictive covenant is a contract provision under which one party agrees not to enter into or start a similar profession, trade or business in competition...more
10/16/2015
/ American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ,
Consent Decrees ,
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) ,
Educational Institutions ,
Establishment Clause ,
Fairness Standard ,
Foster Children ,
Franchise Agreements ,
Franchisee ,
Franchises ,
Franchisors ,
Gay Conversion Therapy ,
Hostile Environment ,
LGBTQ ,
Mental Health ,
Non-Compete Agreements ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Restrictive Covenants ,
RLUIPA ,
Sexual Harassment ,
Sexual Orientation ,
Tenth Amendment
Religious institutions commonly make payments to or receive payments directly or indirectly from governmental agencies for services rendered; e.g., day cares that benefit from public scholarships, hospitals that participate...more
6/18/2015
/ Abercrombie & Fitch ,
Affordable Care Act ,
Catholic Diocese ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Contraceptives ,
Disparate Impact ,
Disparate Treatment ,
EBSA ,
Educational Institutions ,
EEOC v Abercrombie ,
Employment Discrimination ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
False Claims Act (FCA) ,
Grants ,
Healthcare ,
Hiring & Firing ,
Housing Discrimination ,
Medicaid ,
Medicare ,
Qui Tam ,
Reasonable Accommodation ,
Religion ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
SCOTUS ,
Sexual Abuse ,
Sexual Assault ,
Title VII
Timely Topics -
Church splits and property disputes are not new, but they have certainly grown in number in recent years. In the seminal case on church property disputes, Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679, 20 L....more
On August 2, 2013, the White House's Office of Management and Budget issued a memorandum instructing federal agencies to take steps to carry out President Obama's executive order (E.O. 13559 (Nov. 17, 2010)) adopting several...more
9/4/2013
/ Affordable Care Act ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Electioneering ,
Employer Mandates ,
Executive Orders ,
Federal Funding ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Freedom of Religion ,
IRS ,
Non-Enforcement ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Retaliation
Have you ever wondered how the United States Constitution came to incorporate "free exercise of religion" in the First Amendment? James Madison wrote the initial draft of the Bill of Rights. He and other Federalists initially...more
7/10/2013
/ Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Equal Protection ,
First Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Freedom of Religion ,
Hobby Lobby ,
Indemnification ,
Legal History ,
Religion ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions
In 2000, Congress enacted the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 42 U.S.C. ยง2000cc et seq. (RLUIPA), in recognition that "new, small, or unfamiliar churches in particular, are frequently discriminated...more
1/4/2013
/ Boy Scouts ,
Churches ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Discrimination ,
Divorce ,
Equal Protection ,
Establishment Clause ,
Exemptions ,
Permits ,
Religion ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
RLUIPA ,
Trademarks