Vaccine Exemption Policy Requiring Citation to Official Doctrine Violates First Amendment Madison Houghton and Nathan A. Adams IV In Does 1-11 v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Colorado, 100 F. 4th 1251 (10th Cir. 2024), former...more
7/12/2024
/ Anti-Discrimination Policies ,
Censorship ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Employment Litigation ,
Equal Protection ,
Establishment Clause ,
Failure to Accommodate ,
FEHA ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Groff v DeJoy ,
Hiring & Firing ,
Local Ordinance ,
Minors ,
Native American Issues ,
Public Schools ,
Religious Accommodation ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Title VII ,
Transgender ,
Undue Hardship ,
Vaccinations ,
Zoning Laws
Supreme Court Decides Freedom of Speech Trumps Public Accommodations Law In 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, No. 21-476 (June 30, 2023), the U.S. Supreme Court reversed 6-3 the lower courts' denial of the injunction the plaintiff...more
7/27/2023
/ 303 Creative LLC v Elenis ,
ADEA ,
Age Discrimination ,
Bylaws ,
Churches ,
Class Action ,
Concealed Carry Permit ,
Concealed Weapons ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
EB-4 ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
First Amendment ,
Fourteenth Amendment ,
Free Speech ,
Gender Identity ,
Ministerial Exception ,
Public Accommodation ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
SCOTUS ,
Second Amendment ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Sexual Orientation Discrimination ,
Subject Matter Jurisdiction ,
Title VII ,
Vaccinations
Donors State Claims for Misuse of Their Funds, But Not as a Class Action -
In Carrier v. Ravi Zacharias Int'l Ministries, Inc. No. 1:21-CV-3161-TWT, 2022 WL 1540206 (N.D. Ga. May 13, 2022) and Carrier v. Ravi Zacharias...more
3/31/2023
/ Abortion ,
Administrative Procedure Act ,
Affordable Care Act ,
Charitable Donations ,
Charitable Organizations ,
Churches ,
Concealed Carry Permit ,
Concealed Weapons ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) ,
Disparate Treatment ,
EB-4 ,
Establishment Clause ,
Firearms ,
First Amendment ,
Gay Conversion Therapy ,
Gender Identity ,
Healthcare Facilities ,
Ministerial Exception ,
Misuse or Misdirection of Funds ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
RLUIPA ,
Second Amendment ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Title IX ,
Title VII ,
USCIS ,
Visas
Vaccination Mandate Conforms with First Amendment In Kane v. De Blasio, No. 21 Civ. 7863, 21 Civ. 8773, 2022 WL 3701183 (S.D. N.Y. Aug. 26, 2022), the district court ruled that New York City Department of Education employees...more
1/10/2023
/ Churches ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Due Process ,
Employment Discrimination ,
Establishment Clause ,
First Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Gay Conversion Therapy ,
Ministerial Exception ,
Public Accommodation ,
Religious Institutions ,
RLUIPA ,
Title VII ,
Transgender ,
Vaccinations
Religious Exemption to States' Mandatory Vaccination Statute Not Necessary In Does 1-6 v. Mills, No. 1:21-cv-00242, 2021 WL 4783626 (D. Me. Oct. 13, 2021), the court denied injunctive relief to plaintiff healthcare workers...more
2/4/2022
/ Administrative Procedure Act ,
Affiliates ,
Calculation of Damages ,
Churches ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Employer Mandates ,
First Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Military Service Members ,
Morals Clauses ,
Non-Immigrant Visas ,
Private Schools ,
R-1 Visas ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Remand ,
Reversal ,
Title VII ,
USCIS ,
Vaccinations
Morals Clause Ruled Not Within Title VII Religious Exemptions Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it unlawful "to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any...more
10/6/2021
/ Affordable Care Act ,
Attorney's Fees ,
Chevron Deference ,
Churches ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Employment Contract ,
Employment Litigation ,
Equal Protection ,
Establishment Clause ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Hostile Environment ,
Indemnification ,
Ministerial Exception ,
Morals Clauses ,
Public Accommodation ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retaliation ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Sexual Orientation Discrimination ,
Sovereign Immunity ,
State Constitutions ,
Subject Matter Jurisdiction ,
Title IX ,
Title VII ,
Tortious Interference ,
Transgender ,
Tuition ,
Visas
Blanket Limitation on Private Home Gatherings to 3 Households Overturned In Tandon v. Newsom, 141 S.Ct. 1294 (2021) (per curiam), the U.S. Supreme Court enjoined pending appeal California's imposition of a blanket limitation...more
6/10/2021
/ CA Supreme Court ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Defamation ,
Discipline ,
Employment Discrimination ,
Establishment Clause ,
Governor Newsom ,
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress ,
Municipalities ,
Partial Summary Judgments ,
Petition for Writ of Certiorari ,
Religious Accommodation ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Remand ,
Reproductive Discrimination ,
RLUIPA ,
Safe Harbors ,
Social Distancing ,
Title VII ,
Tuition ,
Undue Hardship ,
UT Supreme Court ,
Writ of Mandamus ,
Zoning Laws
Attendance Limitations on Houses of Worship Enjoined In Agudath Israel of America v. Cuomo, 983 F. 3d 620 (2d Cir. 2020), the court of appeals reversed two district courts and ruled that an executive order that limited...more
3/24/2021
/ Ad Valorem Tax ,
Churches ,
Civil Rights Act ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Orders ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Hospitals ,
Injunctive Relief ,
Ministerial Exception ,
Property Tax ,
Public Funds ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retaliation ,
School Closures ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Title VII ,
Tuition ,
Vaccinations
This week, the EEOC approved employers requiring employees to receive COVID-19 vaccination, subject to limitations. How limiting are the limitations? Case law applying them is thin, but generally treats them as narrow. In...more
12/28/2020
/ Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ,
Civil Rights Act ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Covered Employees ,
Due Process ,
Employer Liability Issues ,
Employment Policies ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
GINA ,
Infectious Diseases ,
OSHA ,
Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act) ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Title VII ,
Vaccinations ,
Workplace Safety
In Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn, N.Y. v. Cuomo, No. 20A87, 2020 WL 6948354 (U.S. Nov. 25, 2020) (per curiam), the U.S. Supreme Court enjoined enforcement of the 10- and 25-person occupancy limits on churches in New York...more
12/23/2020
/ Article III ,
Churches ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Orders ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Freedom of Religion ,
Governor Cuomo ,
Preliminary Injunctions ,
Private Schools ,
Public Funds ,
Public Health Emergency ,
Public Schools ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Sexual Orientation ,
Sexual Orientation Discrimination ,
Standing ,
Title VII
In Calvary Chapel Dayton Valley v. Sisolak, 140 S.Ct. 203 (2020), the U.S. Supreme Court declined to enjoin Nevada Gov. Steve Sisolak's emergency order capping in-person services at 50 people regardless of facility size while...more
10/15/2020
/ Abuse of Discretion ,
Adoption ,
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Child Care ,
Churches ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Orders ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Governor Cuomo ,
Governor Newsom ,
Hostile Environment ,
Ministerial Exception ,
Religious Institutions ,
Remand ,
Social Distancing ,
Title VII
Rehearing Denied for Elementary School Against Catholic Teacher's ADA Claim -
In Biel v. St. James Sch., 926 F. 3d 1238 (9th Cir. 2019), the petition for rehearing and the petition for rehearing en banc was denied, subject...more
9/4/2019
/ Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Catholic Church ,
Construction Project ,
Department of Labor (DOL) ,
Equal Protection ,
Federal Contractors ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Homeless Issues ,
Human Rights Act ,
Jurisdiction ,
Municipalities ,
Public Accommodation ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Exemption ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
RLUIPA ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Teachers ,
Title VII
Courts continue to grapple with the scope and meaning of the ministerial exception doctrine. In Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & Sch. v. EEOC, 565 U.S. 171 (2012), the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that a...more
1/4/2019
/ Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Churches ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Contraceptives ,
Employee Handbooks ,
Employment Contract ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
Establishment Clause ,
Federal Funding ,
First Amendment ,
Fourteenth Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Hiring & Firing ,
Hostile Environment ,
Interim Final Rules (IFR) ,
Muslims ,
Preliminary Injunctions ,
Private Schools ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
School Districts ,
School Policies ,
Standing ,
Summary Judgment ,
Teachers ,
Title VII ,
Universities
Key Cases -
Establishment Challenge to Presidential Proclamation Subject to Rational Basis Review -
In Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S.Ct. 2392 (2018), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the lowest level of constitutional...more
9/26/2018
/ Appeals ,
Breach of Contract ,
Churches ,
Confessions ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Department of Justice (DOJ) ,
Department of Labor (DOL) ,
Dismissals ,
Employment Contract ,
Employment Discrimination ,
Establishment Clause ,
Fair Employment Practices Act ,
Federal Agency Taskforce ,
First Amendment ,
Foreign Nationals ,
Freedom of Religion ,
Health and Safety ,
Immigration and Nationality Act ,
Immunization Exemptions ,
Merger Agreements ,
Mergers ,
Motion to Dismiss ,
Muslims ,
National Security ,
Personal Belief Exemption ,
Police ,
Prayer ,
Priests ,
Protective Orders ,
Public Accommodation ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
RLUIPA ,
School Districts ,
Sexual Abuse ,
Students ,
Subject Matter Jurisdiction ,
Subpoenas ,
Summary Judgment ,
Title VII ,
Trump Administration ,
Trump v Hawaii ,
US Department of State ,
Zoning Laws
Since 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court has expressly construed a neutral law of general applicability as consistent with the free exercise clause. Deeming Colorado's public accommodations law just such a law, the Colorado Court...more
6/8/2018
/ Administrative Agencies ,
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Anti-Discrimination Policies ,
Appeals ,
Churches ,
Colleges ,
Defamation ,
Dismissals ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
Establishment Clause ,
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) ,
Fiduciary Duty ,
First Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Funeral Homes ,
Hiring & Firing ,
Historic Preservation ,
Hospitals ,
LGBTQ ,
Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd v Colorado Civil Rights Commission ,
Minimum Wage ,
New Rules ,
Preliminary Injunctions ,
Priests ,
Private Sector ,
Property Owners ,
Public Accommodation ,
Public Funds ,
Race Discrimination ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Restaurant Industry ,
Retaliation ,
Reversal ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
SCOTUS ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Sexual Stereotyping ,
Summary Judgment ,
Teachers ,
Title VII ,
Transgender ,
Trump Administration ,
Trustees ,
Trusts ,
Universities ,
Unpaid Wages ,
Wage and Hour ,
Writ of Prohibition
Timely Topics -
Serious data breaches have become routine in the United States, yet a recent survey shows that the majority of religious institutions do not have a full-time IT professional, have no system to detect a...more
11/30/2017
/ Churches ,
College Admissions ,
Colleges ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Cybersecurity ,
Data Breach ,
Employee Housing ,
Equal Protection ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Orders ,
FEMA ,
Fifth Amendment ,
First Amendment ,
Fourteenth Amendment ,
Free Speech ,
Gender Discrimination ,
Hackers ,
Historical Rehabilitation ,
Information Technology ,
Motion for Summary Judgment ,
Public Accommodation ,
Public Funds ,
Ransomware ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retaliation ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Standing ,
Title VII ,
Trademarks ,
Trump Administration ,
Trump v International Refugee Assistance Project ,
Vaccinations ,
Videographers
Timely Topics -
A draft executive order of President Donald Trump relating to religious freedom proposes several material changes to federal law. First, it would require the executive branches to recognize a broad scope...more
2/9/2017
/ Appeals ,
Assisted Suicide ,
Charitable Donations ,
Church Plans ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Disparate Impact ,
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ,
Establishment Clause ,
Executive Branch ,
First Amendment ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Freedom of Religion ,
ISIS ,
Ministerial Function ,
Pensions ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Displays ,
Religious Expression ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retirement Plan ,
RLUIPA ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Tax Exempt Entities ,
Taxable Income ,
Terrorist Threats ,
Title VII ,
Trump Administration ,
Zoning Laws
Timely Topics -
The final rule implementing Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office for Civil Rights (OCR) on May...more
10/27/2016
/ ADEA ,
Affordable Care Act ,
Age Discrimination ,
Allocation of Funds ,
Article III ,
Burwell v Hobby Lobby ,
Civil Rights Act ,
Clergy Members ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) ,
Discrimination ,
Employee Benefits ,
Employer Group Health Plans ,
Employer Mandates ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Gay Conversion Therapy ,
Gender Identity ,
Health Insurance ,
Healthcare ,
LGBTQ ,
Mental Health ,
National Origin Discrimination ,
Non-Discrimination Rules ,
Nonprofits ,
OCR ,
Pregnancy Discrimination ,
Religious Expression ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
Retaliation ,
RLUIPA ,
Same-Sex Marriage ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Sexual Orientation Discrimination ,
Standing ,
Title VII ,
Transgender
When was the last time your organization reviewed your insurance policies? Not all policies are equal. Many religious organizations are underinsured. Most should have general liability, property, professional liability,...more
8/19/2016
/ Abortion ,
Breach of Contract ,
Church Plans ,
Churches ,
Commercial Insurance Policies ,
D&O Insurance ,
Declaratory Judgments ,
Educational Institutions ,
Employee Benefits ,
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ,
Employer Mandates ,
Employment Contract ,
Equal Protection ,
Establishment Clause ,
Exemptions ,
FDUTPA ,
Fiduciary Duty ,
First Amendment ,
Fraud ,
Free Exercise Clause ,
Free Speech ,
Funeral Homes ,
Grants ,
Health Insurance ,
Healthcare ,
Insurance Industry ,
IRS ,
LGBTQ ,
Prayer ,
Professional Liability Insurance ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Displays ,
Religious Institutions ,
Scholarships ,
Standing ,
Subject Matter Jurisdiction ,
Tax Credits ,
Title VII ,
Transgender ,
Universities ,
Wage and Hour
Labor and Employment -
Plaintiff Wage and Hour Lawsuits Continue to Climb -
Wage and hour litigation has become what some call the new "workplace revolution." Data from the Federal Judicial Center indicates that...more
10/29/2015
/ Alcohol Beverage Control ,
All Natural ,
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ,
Antitrust Litigation ,
Arbitration ,
Beer ,
Breweries ,
Browning-Ferris Industries of California Inc. ,
Child Labor ,
Class Action ,
Commercial Loans ,
Compliance ,
Department of Labor (DOL) ,
Disclosure Requirements ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
False Advertising ,
Fast-Food Industry ,
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ,
Food Labeling ,
Food Manufacturers ,
Forced Labor ,
Franchisee ,
Franchises ,
Franchisors ,
General Mills ,
GMO ,
Hersheys ,
Joint Employers ,
Minimum Wage ,
NERA ,
New Guidance ,
NLRB ,
Plastic Bag Bans ,
Point of Sale Terminals ,
Posting Requirements ,
Price-Fixing ,
Red Bull ,
Restaurant Industry ,
SBA ,
Seafood ,
Slavery ,
Small Business ,
Staffing Agencies ,
Temporary Employees ,
Tipped Employees ,
Tips ,
Title III ,
Title VII ,
Transparency Directive ,
Unfair or Deceptive Trade Practices ,
Wage and Hour
Religious institutions commonly make payments to or receive payments directly or indirectly from governmental agencies for services rendered; e.g., day cares that benefit from public scholarships, hospitals that participate...more
6/18/2015
/ Abercrombie & Fitch ,
Affordable Care Act ,
Catholic Diocese ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Contraceptives ,
Disparate Impact ,
Disparate Treatment ,
EBSA ,
Educational Institutions ,
EEOC v Abercrombie ,
Employment Discrimination ,
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ,
False Claims Act (FCA) ,
Grants ,
Healthcare ,
Hiring & Firing ,
Housing Discrimination ,
Medicaid ,
Medicare ,
Qui Tam ,
Reasonable Accommodation ,
Religion ,
Religious Discrimination ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
SCOTUS ,
Sexual Abuse ,
Sexual Assault ,
Title VII
Religious institutions commonly keep ministry supporters and members abreast of developments through newsletters, correspondence and other communications. Sometimes, the developments reported are embarrassing to those...more
5/21/2015
/ Affordable Care Act ,
Appeals ,
CFOs ,
Contraceptive Coverage Mandate ,
Defamation ,
Establishment Clause ,
False Statements ,
First Amendment ,
Gender Discrimination ,
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) ,
Religious Institutions ,
Religious Schools ,
RLUIPA ,
Scholarships ,
Sex Discrimination ,
Sexual Harassment ,
Tax Credits ,
Title VII
"Church plans" are pension plans (including defined benefit or defined contribution plans) exempt (without an irrevocable election) from many of the legal requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)...more
6/3/2014
/ Affordable Care Act ,
Breach of Contract ,
Churches ,
Defined Benefit Plans ,
Defined Contribution Plans ,
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ,
Equal Protection ,
Exemptions ,
FICA Taxes ,
Form 5500 ,
IRS ,
Nonprofits ,
Pensions ,
Prayer ,
Public Meetings ,
Religious Institutions ,
RLUIPA ,
Title VII ,
Unemployment Benefits
Just when most churches have made criminal background screening standard to avoid harm to children, the elderly, and other vulnerable persons and liability, the federal government has issued guidance reminding employers that,...more